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Hazardous Waste Management and Challenges in Nigeria
Edward-Ekpu Douglas Uwagbale
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
1-5
Received:
27 September 2016
Accepted:
8 October 2016
Published:
31 October 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20160101.11
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Abstract: Nigeria is a heavily polluted country. The problems and challenges of hazardous waste management in Nigeria is enormous. There are enough laws and policies on hazardous waste in Nigeria. There are institutions charged with implementation, execution and enforcing legislations and regulations of hazardous waste in Nigeria. These institutions are not adequately empowered to implement and execute policies, or enforce environmental laws. The simple execution of policies on ground and the enforcement of existing laws in the country can improve the environmental situation in Nigeria if environmental institutions are strengthened financially and politically.
Abstract: Nigeria is a heavily polluted country. The problems and challenges of hazardous waste management in Nigeria is enormous. There are enough laws and policies on hazardous waste in Nigeria. There are institutions charged with implementation, execution and enforcing legislations and regulations of hazardous waste in Nigeria. These institutions are not ...
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Awareness and Attitude of Nurses on the Use of Maggot Therapy in the Treatment of Diabetic Ulcers at the Bamenda Regional Hospital, Cameroon
Samuel Nambile Cumber,
Kuhvinyoh Boris Limnyuy,
Jackson Jr. Nforbewing Ndenkeh,
Shalom Jaila,
Nancy Bongkiynuy
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
6-9
Received:
10 October 2016
Accepted:
15 October 2016
Published:
10 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20160101.12
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Abstract: Maggot therapy (MT) is a type of therapy in which live, disinfected maggots cultured in a sterile manner is placed into a non-healing skin and soft tissue wound of humans to clean out the necrotic tissue within a wound and to disinfect it. This therapy has been used for centuries for treatment of non-healing soft tissue wounds until the arrival of antibiotics and modern surgical techniques, by the beginning of the 40’s, MT when it was quickly substituted and forgotten. The purpose of this study was to determine the nurses’ awareness and attitude on the use of maggot therapy in the treatment of diabetic ulcers in Bamenda Regional Hospital. A hospital based descriptive study design was used in which 43 nurses were randomly selected with inclusion criteria being nurses at the diabetic unit and data collected using questionnaires. From the results obtained, 46.7% of nurses were aware of maggot therapy and their attitude towards MT was both positive and negative at almost equal levels. The main source of awareness here was the internet on the use of MT in treating diabetic ulcers. With the increasing burden of high blood pressure and diabetes in Africa there is the need use all the available tools in the treatment of the complications these patients can face; use of maggots inclusive which is cheaper especially in the resource limited context of Cameroon. With the divided awareness and attitude towards the use of maggots in the treatment of diabetic ulcers in this health facility, there is thus the need to increase awareness amongst the nurses on its importance in the treatment of diabetic ulcers.
Abstract: Maggot therapy (MT) is a type of therapy in which live, disinfected maggots cultured in a sterile manner is placed into a non-healing skin and soft tissue wound of humans to clean out the necrotic tissue within a wound and to disinfect it. This therapy has been used for centuries for treatment of non-healing soft tissue wounds until the arrival of ...
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Assessing the Motivational Level and Implication of Lack of Motivation of Nurses in Hospital in Fako Division Cameroon
Stanly Mbua Elive,
Samuel Nambile Cumber,
Fongang Che Landis
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
10-18
Received:
28 September 2016
Accepted:
17 October 2016
Published:
25 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20160101.13
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Abstract: The progress of any health organization depends on the input of the health workers and this depends on how much they are motivated by the organization. With lack of motivation health workers work reluctantly and this affects the recovery rate of most patients. To know the motivational level and the implication of lack of motivation is important. This study was carried out from January-October, 2015. This was a mixed study (quantitative and qualitative) on health institutions in Fako Division. Data was collected using a self administered questionnaire involving both open and closed questions. Data was analyzed using Epi Info version 3.1, and SPSS version 21.0. The level of statistical significance was set at a P value < 0.05 at a 95% Confidence Level. We included 185 participants of which 151 (81.6%) were female. We saw that the motivation in institutions was low as most institutions motivate once a year (42.7%) causing little or no satisfaction amongst nurses. With lack of motivation, nurses were reluctant to work and high rate of “private practice”. We concluded that when institutions motivate nurses there was increased output, increased patient input into the institution and a reduced rate of malpractice among the nurses. We recommend that health institutions should motivate nurses regularly to have a desired output.
Abstract: The progress of any health organization depends on the input of the health workers and this depends on how much they are motivated by the organization. With lack of motivation health workers work reluctantly and this affects the recovery rate of most patients. To know the motivational level and the implication of lack of motivation is important. Th...
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Sexual Behavior and Risk Perception of HIV Infection Among Young Students of Wollo University, Dessie Campus: A Cross Sectional Study
Melaku Ashagrie,
Selamyhun Tadesse,
Fikir Alebachew
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
19-27
Received:
16 October 2016
Accepted:
28 October 2016
Published:
17 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20160101.14
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Abstract: In Wollo University, Dessie Campus, as in many other Ethiopian towns, cities, universities and other settings of the world too, the sexual behaviors and self-assessment of the risk of HIV infection of young university students will strongly influence the course of HIV/AIDS. This study was conducted to assess the extent of risky sexual behaviors and factors that influence the risk perception of HIV infection in young students (17-29 years) of Wollo University, Dessie Campus from February 2010 - June 2010. A cross-sectional study design was applied to conduct the study. A total of 338 students in the age group 17-29 were selected using systematic random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire with key informants was the tool used to collect the required data from the study participants. From the total of 334 respondents, 236 (70.7%) were males and the remaining 98 (29.3%) were females. About 117 (35%) of the study participants were sexually experienced. Of these, 85 (72.6% had sex only with one partner, about 48.8% used condom consistently, about 27.4% had multiple sexual partners and 37.6 of the respondents did not use condom; and 19.1% of male and 8.2% of female respondents perceive themselves to have a medium chance of getting HIV. In general, female respondents were considerably more likely than males to report themselves at a higher risk of HIV infection. Sex, age at first sex, the number of life time partner, age difference with sex partners, condom use, taking HIV test, are found to be the predictors of risk perception of HIV infection among young students of Wollo University, Dessie Campus. Risk perception about HIV/AIDS was inconsistent with sexual behaviors the students encounter. Even though the majority of the respondents in this study perceived themselves as being at low or no risk of HIV infection; results from their reported sexual behavior indicate that a significant proportion of the respondents involve in risky sexual activities that could expose them to HIV infection and as a result distort their risk perception.
Abstract: In Wollo University, Dessie Campus, as in many other Ethiopian towns, cities, universities and other settings of the world too, the sexual behaviors and self-assessment of the risk of HIV infection of young university students will strongly influence the course of HIV/AIDS. This study was conducted to assess the extent of risky sexual behaviors and...
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Inequality Analysis of Main Health Indicators Among Children Under 5 years / Iraq 2016
Abeer Gatea,
Reza Majdzadeh
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
28-32
Received:
15 October 2016
Accepted:
28 October 2016
Published:
15 November 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20160101.15
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Abstract: The major challenges facing the health system in Iraq is critical damage over the past two decades, with significant damage to infrastructure and conditions that have forced a large number of the trained and experienced health staff leaving the country. Iraq today faces economic and human development challenges including poverty, malnutrition and insecurity. Such conditions result in fewer resources for social sectors, including health. The study aimed to assess the inequality level in children under 5 years across 6 indicators with 4 dimensions overtime in Iraq and was compared with other benchmark countries. A descriptive study was conducted based on data obtained from the two Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) (2006 and 2011) through the WHO health equity assessment toolkit (HEAT). Six Child health indicators such as (DTP3 immunization coverage among one-year-olds, children with diarrhea receiving ORS, children aged < 5 years with pneumonia symptoms taken to a health facility, underweight prevalence in children aged < 5 years, wasting prevalence in children aged<5 years and early initiation of breastfeeding (in the two or three years preceding the survey). Inequality were assess based on four inequality dimensions (education, place of residence, sex and subnational). Ratio and difference were used to compare inequality on residence and sex. Moreover, inequality regarding education level were determined with slop index. Theil index was also used to assess subnational regions inequality. For all dimensions used in this study, children in the richest urban households were are more receive immunization than children from the poorest households in all region. Female children were more received the service than male children. Inequality in DTP3 immunization coverage among one year’s old from rural area was high. However, early initiation of breastfeeding in the 2 or 3 preceding survey inequality was high among urban children than rural. Inequality among children those parents attained secondary education was lower than those from parents attained primary and no education. All the dimensions used to assess inequality were shown better access for all indicators. When we comparison Iraq with other countries such as Pakistan, Jordan, based on education status, Iraq was showed medium inequality coverage in wasting prevalence among children <5, however highest inequality in early initiation of breast feeding coverage than Jordan.
Abstract: The major challenges facing the health system in Iraq is critical damage over the past two decades, with significant damage to infrastructure and conditions that have forced a large number of the trained and experienced health staff leaving the country. Iraq today faces economic and human development challenges including poverty, malnutrition and i...
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Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infections Among the Outpatient Population of Selected Hospitals Within Kaduna City, Nigeria
Waje Timothy,
Dadah John Anthony,
Muhammad Yusha’u,
Orukotan Abimbola,
Ladan Zakari
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2016
Pages:
33-44
Received:
12 October 2016
Accepted:
21 October 2016
Published:
3 December 2016
DOI:
10.11648/j.wjph.20160101.16
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Abstract: Hepatitis C is a serious blood borne infection of the liver caused by the Hepatitis C Virus. The prolong infection of the liver by this Virus results to liver disease leading to its failure, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (Liver cancer). The Hepatitis C Virus is a growing public health problem worldwide infecting an estimate of over 170 million people with majority from Africa and Asia. A total of 300 samples were collected from outpatients in six hospitals within the Kaduna City, Nigeria. Fifty samples were from each hospital. The outpatients’ Blood groups and Rhesus factors were identified using Blood group Anti-sera and their respective serum were screened for presence of HCV antibody using commercially available kits. Analysis of the results revealed a prevalence rate of 5.33% within the metropolis. This was regarded as high based on the global epidemiological HCV severity estimates reported by the American Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Chi square test for independence between two variables showed statistically significant associations between anti-HCV positivity and Sex/Gender with men more positive for anti- HCV than females (10.52%, P≤0.002), Blood grouping with more positive cases among blood group AB (15.39%, P≤0.03), Occupation, more positive cases observed among the unemployed (15.38%, P≤0.04) and patients with HIV/AIDS (40.00%, P≤0.001). These were identified as key risk factors for the spread of the Virus within the metropolis. The mean age observed for the distribution of the virus (a measure of central tendency) within the City was 32.20 (CI=32.20±2.01) years.
Abstract: Hepatitis C is a serious blood borne infection of the liver caused by the Hepatitis C Virus. The prolong infection of the liver by this Virus results to liver disease leading to its failure, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (Liver cancer). The Hepatitis C Virus is a growing public health problem worldwide infecting an estimate of over 170 mill...
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