Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria

Muinah Adenike Fowora; Kazeem Adewale Osuolale; Joy Ogunsanya; Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri; Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen; Grace Akintunde; Bamidele Iwalokun

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria

Muinah Adenike Fowora, Kazeem Adewale Osuolale, Joy Ogunsanya, Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri, Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, Grace Akintunde, Bamidele Iwalokun

Published in World Journal of Public Health (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 5 December 2021 Accepted: 22 December 2021 Published: 29 December 2021

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Abstract

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine without the accompanying symptoms of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is reported to increase with age, with the highest prevalence seen in postmenopausal women. However, data on the general prevalence of ASB in African women is not available. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated risk factors among women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 162 apparently healthy women at the outpatient clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors and hygienic practices, and midstream urine was collected to assay for significant bacteriuria. The result of the study showed an asymptomatic bacteriuria prevalence of 27.8%, with the prevalence higher in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women, albeit not statistically significant. This prevalence was not significantly associated with educational status, marital status, ethnicity, past treatment of urinary tract infection, type of product used during menstruation, or even the method of washing the vagina. Considering that the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is only recommended in pregnant women, and the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is similar among pregnant and non-pregnant women, we recommend that women be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria immediately upon pregnancy, and that screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria be made one of the routine screening tests for pregnant women in Nigeria.

Published in	World Journal of Public Health (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
Page(s)	204-208
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Women, Asymptomatic Bacteriuria, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Hygiene

References

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[2]	Foxman B. Urinary tract infection syndromes. Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect Dis Clin North Am [Internet]. 2014; 28 (1): 1–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2013.09.003.
[3]	Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: When to screen and when to treat. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003; 17 (2): 367–94.
[4]	Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2019; 322 (12): 1188–94.
[5]	Ferroni M, Taylor AK. Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Noncatheterized Adults. Urol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2015; 42 (4): 537–45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2015.07.003.
[6]	Colgan R, Jaffe G, Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic Bacteriuria. Am Fam Physician. 2020; 102 (2): 99–104.
[7]	Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, Rice JC, Schaeffer A, Hooton TM. Erratum: Infectious diseases society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults (Clinical Infections Diseases (2005) 40 (643-654)). Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40 (10): 1556.
[8]	Smaill FM, Vazquez JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 2019 (11).
[9]	Awoke N, Tekalign T, Teshome M, Lolaso T, Dendir G, Obsa MS. Bacterial Profile and asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta analysis. EClinicalMedicine [Internet]. 2021; 37: 100952. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100952.
[10]	Onu FA, Ajah LO, Ezeonu PO, Umeora OUJ, Ibekwe PC, Ajah MI. Profile and microbiological isolates of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Infect Drug Resist. 2015; 8: 231–5.
[11]	M. Banda J, Cletus D, Sheyin Z, A. Junaid S, John B, Mohammed SS, G. Damen J. Prevalence of asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2020; 04 (03): 121–30.
[12]	Olamijulo JA, Adewale CO, Olaleye O. Asymptomatic bacteriuria among antenatal women in Lagos. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore). 2016; 36 (6): 722–5.
[13]	Washington JA, White CM, Laganiere, R. N. M, Smith LH. Detection of Significant Bacteriuria by Microscopic Examination of Urine. Lab Med. 1981; 12 (5): 294–6.
[14]	Cardoso CL, Muraro CB, Siqueira VLD, Guilhermetti M. Simplified technique for detection of significant bacteriuria by microscopic examination of urine. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36 (3): 820–3.
[15]	Labi AK, Yawson AE, Ganyaglo GY, Newman MJ. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Ante-Natal Clients in a Large Teaching Hospital in Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2015; 49 (3): 154–8.

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Muinah Adenike Fowora, Kazeem Adewale Osuolale, Joy Ogunsanya, Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri, Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, et al. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria. World Journal of Public Health, 6(4), 204-208. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

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ACS Style

Muinah Adenike Fowora; Kazeem Adewale Osuolale; Joy Ogunsanya; Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri; Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria. World J. Public Health 2021, 6(4), 204-208. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

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AMA Style

Muinah Adenike Fowora, Kazeem Adewale Osuolale, Joy Ogunsanya, Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri, Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria. World J Public Health. 2021;6(4):204-208. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20,
  author = {Muinah Adenike Fowora and Kazeem Adewale Osuolale and Joy Ogunsanya and Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri and Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen and Grace Akintunde and Bamidele Iwalokun},
  title = {Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {204-208},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20210604.20},
  abstract = {Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine without the accompanying symptoms of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is reported to increase with age, with the highest prevalence seen in postmenopausal women. However, data on the general prevalence of ASB in African women is not available. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated risk factors among women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 162 apparently healthy women at the outpatient clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors and hygienic practices, and midstream urine was collected to assay for significant bacteriuria. The result of the study showed an asymptomatic bacteriuria prevalence of 27.8%, with the prevalence higher in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women, albeit not statistically significant. This prevalence was not significantly associated with educational status, marital status, ethnicity, past treatment of urinary tract infection, type of product used during menstruation, or even the method of washing the vagina. Considering that the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is only recommended in pregnant women, and the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is similar among pregnant and non-pregnant women, we recommend that women be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria immediately upon pregnancy, and that screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria be made one of the routine screening tests for pregnant women in Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria
AU  - Muinah Adenike Fowora
AU  - Kazeem Adewale Osuolale
AU  - Joy Ogunsanya
AU  - Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri
AU  - Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen
AU  - Grace Akintunde
AU  - Bamidele Iwalokun
Y1  - 2021/12/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 204
EP  - 208
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
AB  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine without the accompanying symptoms of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is reported to increase with age, with the highest prevalence seen in postmenopausal women. However, data on the general prevalence of ASB in African women is not available. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated risk factors among women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 162 apparently healthy women at the outpatient clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors and hygienic practices, and midstream urine was collected to assay for significant bacteriuria. The result of the study showed an asymptomatic bacteriuria prevalence of 27.8%, with the prevalence higher in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women, albeit not statistically significant. This prevalence was not significantly associated with educational status, marital status, ethnicity, past treatment of urinary tract infection, type of product used during menstruation, or even the method of washing the vagina. Considering that the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is only recommended in pregnant women, and the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is similar among pregnant and non-pregnant women, we recommend that women be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria immediately upon pregnancy, and that screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria be made one of the routine screening tests for pregnant women in Nigeria.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Muinah Adenike Fowora

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
Kazeem Adewale Osuolale

Grant, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (Biostatistics), Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
Joy Ogunsanya

Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria
Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri

FOWM Biotechnology Laboratories, Lagos, Nigeria
Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen

Department of Microbiology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
Grace Akintunde

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria
Bamidele Iwalokun

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Nigeria

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APA Style

Muinah Adenike Fowora, Kazeem Adewale Osuolale, Joy Ogunsanya, Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri, Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, et al. (2021). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria. World Journal of Public Health, 6(4), 204-208. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

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ACS Style

Muinah Adenike Fowora; Kazeem Adewale Osuolale; Joy Ogunsanya; Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri; Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria. World J. Public Health 2021, 6(4), 204-208. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

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AMA Style

Muinah Adenike Fowora, Kazeem Adewale Osuolale, Joy Ogunsanya, Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri, Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria. World J Public Health. 2021;6(4):204-208. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20,
  author = {Muinah Adenike Fowora and Kazeem Adewale Osuolale and Joy Ogunsanya and Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri and Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen and Grace Akintunde and Bamidele Iwalokun},
  title = {Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {204-208},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20210604.20},
  abstract = {Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine without the accompanying symptoms of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is reported to increase with age, with the highest prevalence seen in postmenopausal women. However, data on the general prevalence of ASB in African women is not available. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated risk factors among women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 162 apparently healthy women at the outpatient clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors and hygienic practices, and midstream urine was collected to assay for significant bacteriuria. The result of the study showed an asymptomatic bacteriuria prevalence of 27.8%, with the prevalence higher in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women, albeit not statistically significant. This prevalence was not significantly associated with educational status, marital status, ethnicity, past treatment of urinary tract infection, type of product used during menstruation, or even the method of washing the vagina. Considering that the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is only recommended in pregnant women, and the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is similar among pregnant and non-pregnant women, we recommend that women be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria immediately upon pregnancy, and that screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria be made one of the routine screening tests for pregnant women in Nigeria.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Apparently Healthy Women in Lagos, Nigeria
AU  - Muinah Adenike Fowora
AU  - Kazeem Adewale Osuolale
AU  - Joy Ogunsanya
AU  - Faustina Uloma Onyeaghasiri
AU  - Idowu Olaide Edu-Muyideen
AU  - Grace Akintunde
AU  - Bamidele Iwalokun
Y1  - 2021/12/29
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 204
EP  - 208
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20210604.20
AB  - Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in the urine without the accompanying symptoms of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is reported to increase with age, with the highest prevalence seen in postmenopausal women. However, data on the general prevalence of ASB in African women is not available. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated risk factors among women in Lagos, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 162 apparently healthy women at the outpatient clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors and hygienic practices, and midstream urine was collected to assay for significant bacteriuria. The result of the study showed an asymptomatic bacteriuria prevalence of 27.8%, with the prevalence higher in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women, albeit not statistically significant. This prevalence was not significantly associated with educational status, marital status, ethnicity, past treatment of urinary tract infection, type of product used during menstruation, or even the method of washing the vagina. Considering that the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is only recommended in pregnant women, and the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is similar among pregnant and non-pregnant women, we recommend that women be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria immediately upon pregnancy, and that screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria be made one of the routine screening tests for pregnant women in Nigeria.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download